Fokker D.I
role : fighter
first flight : spring 1916 operational : July 1916
country : Germany
design : Martin Kreutzer
production : 132 aircraft
general information :
In 1916 the biplane seemed better suited as fighter than the monoplane, being more agile and the biplane wing-bracing made it easier to give the aircraft the needed strength for the higher G-loads involved in dogfights. So Fokker resolved to design its own biplane. It was one of the first German fighter designed to use the fine German in-line engines. Unfortunately, he could not use the superior 160 hp Mercedes engine which went all to Albatros, which had far more influence on military authorities at that moment. Fokker had to do with the less powerful 120 hp Mercedes D.II. Fokker was building his aircraft with inherent stability, but now this turned to a disadvantage and Boelcke complaint the stability hampered manoeuvrability.
The airplane still used wing-warping ! This also will have influenced manoeuvrability.
The performance was inferior to contemporary German fighters and no match for allied fighters over the front. As a result, it saw limited use at the front.
crew : 1
users : Germany
armament : 1 synchronized 7.92 [mm] (0.312 in) Spandau LMG 08/15 machine-gun
engine : 1 Mercedes D.II liquid-cooled 6 -cylinder inline engine 120 [hp](88.3 KW)
dimensions :
wingspan : 9.05 [m], length : 6.3 [m], height : 2.55[m]
wing area : 20.0 [m^2]
weights :
max.take-off weight : 670 [kg]
empty weight operational : 465 [kg] bombload : 0 [kg]
performance :
maximum speed : 150 [km/hr] at sea-level
climbing speed : 198 [m/min]
service ceiling : unknown
endurance : 2.0 [hours]
estimated action radius : 135 [km]
description :
2-bay biplane with fixed landing gear and tail strut
two spar upper and lower wing
engines, landing gear, fuel and bombs in or attached to the fuselage
airscrew :
fixed pitch 2 -bladed tractor airscrew with max. efficiency :0.63 [ ]
estimated diameter airscrew 2.35 [m]
angle of attack prop : 19.86 [ ]
reduction : 1.00 [ ]
airscrew revs : 1250 [r.p.m.]
pitch at Max speed 2.00 [m]
blade-tip speed at Vmax and max revs. : 159 [m/s]
calculation : *1* (dimensions)
mean wing chord : 1.10 [m]
calculated wing chord (rounded tips): 1.23 [m]
wing aspect ratio : 8.19 []
estimated gap : 1.20 [m]
gap/chord : 1.09 [ ]
seize (span*length*height) : 145 [m^3]
calculation : *2* (fuel consumption)
oil consumption : 2.0 [kg/hr]
fuel consumption(cruise speed) : 29.2 [kg/hr] (39.8 [litre/hr]) at 79 [%] power
distance flown for 1 kg fuel : 4.63 [km/kg]
estimated total fuel capacity : 90 [litre] (66 [kg])
calculation : *3* (weight)
weight engine(s) dry : 204.0 [kg] = 2.31 [kg/KW]
weight 8 litre oil tank : 0.6 [kg]
oil tank filled with 0.7 litre oil : 0.6 [kg]
oil in engine 5 litre oil : 4.4 [kg]
fuel in engine 1 litre fuel : 0.4 [kg]
weight 17 litre gravity patrol tank(s) : 2.5 [kg]
weight radiator : 12.6 [kg]
weight exhaust pipes & fuel lines 10.3 [kg]
weight cowling 3.5 [kg]
weight airscrew(s) (wood) incl. boss & bolts : 19.0 [kg]
total weight propulsion system : 257 [kg](38.4 [%])
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fuselage skeleton (wood gauge : 4.68 [cm]): 35 [kg]
bracing : 1.6 [kg]
fuselage covering ( 7.5 [m2] doped linen fabric) : 2.4 [kg]
weight controls + indicators: 5.4 [kg]
weight seats : 3.0 [kg]
weight other details, lighting set, etc. : 5.1 [kg]
weight 73 [litre] main fuel tank empty : 5.9 [kg]
weight engine mounts & firewalls : 4 [kg]
total weight fuselage : 63 [kg](9.4 [%])
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weight wing covering (doped linen fabric) : 13 [kg]
total weight ribs (50 ribs) : 40 [kg]
load on front upper spar (clmax) per running metre : 487.2 [N]
load on rear upper spar (vmax) per running metre : 217.3 [N]
total weight 8 spars : 23 [kg]
weight wings : 75 [kg]
weight wing/square meter : 3.77 [kg]
weight 8 interplane struts & cabane : 5.7 [kg]
weight cables (53 [m]) : 1.9 [kg] (= 36 [gram] per metre)
diameter cable : 2.4 [mm]
weight fin & rudder (1.0 [m2]) : 3.7 [kg]
weight stabilizer & elevator (2.2 [m2]): 8.6 [kg]
total weight wing surfaces & bracing : 95 [kg] (14.2 [%])
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weight machine-gun(s) : 17.0 [kg]
weight ammunition magazine(s) :2.3 [kg]
weight synchronizing system : 1.0 [kg]
weight armament : 20 [kg]
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wheel pressure : 335.0 [kg]
weight 2 wheels (690 [mm] by 83 [mm]) : 12.7 [kg]
weight tailskid : 1.3 [kg]
weight undercarriage with axle 14.0 [kg]
total weight landing gear : 28.0 [kg] (4.2 [%]
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calculated empty weight : 464 [kg](69.3 [%])
weight oil for 2.4 hours flying : 4.9 [kg]
weight cooling fluids : 19.1 [kg]
weight ammunition (500 rounds) : 17.5 [kg]
weight automatic pistol with spare magazines : 1.2 [kg]
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calculated operational weight empty : 507 [kg] (75.7 [%])
published operational weight empty : 465 [kg] (69.4 [%])
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weight crew : 81 [kg]
weight fuel for 1.5 hours flying : 44 [kg]
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operational weight : 632 [kg](94.3 [%])
estimated bomb load : 25 [kg]
operational weight bombing mission : 657 [kg]
fuel reserve : 13 [kg] enough for 0.46 [hours] flying
operational weight fully loaded : 670 [kg] with fuel tank filled for 86 [%]
published maximum take-off weight : 670 [kg] (100.0 [%])
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calculation : * 4 * (engine power)
power loading (operational without bombload) : 7.16 [kg/kW]
total power : 88.3 [kW] at 1250 [r.p.m]
calculation : *5* (loads)
manoeuvre load : 2.3 [g] at 1000 [m]
limit load : 4.5 [g] ultimate load : 6.8 [g] load factor : 1.7 [g]
design flight time : 1.60 [hours]
design cycles : 188 sorties, design hours : 300 [hours]
operational wing loading : 310 [N/m^2]
wing stress (3 g) during operation : 246 [N/kg] at 3g emergency manoeuvre
calculation : *6* (angles of attack)
angle of attack zero lift : -1.16 ["]
max. angle of attack (stalling angle) : 12.15 ["]
angle of attack at max. speed : 2.25 ["]
calculation : *7* (lift & drag ratios
lift coefficient at angle of attack 0° :0.10 [ ]
lift coefficient at max. angle of attack : 1.15 [ ]
lift coefficient at max. speed : 0.29 [ ]
induced drag coefficient at max. speed : 0.0060 [ ]
drag coefficient at max. speed : 0.0627 [ ]
drag coefficient (zero lift) : 0.0567 [ ]
calculation : *8* (speeds
stalling speed at sea-level (OW): 76 [km/u]
landing speed at sea-level (OW without bombload): 91 [km/hr]
min. drag speed (max endurance) : 89 [km/hr] at 1000 [m](power :41 [%])
min. power speed (max range) : 102 [km/hr] at 1000 [m] (power:45 [%])
max. rate of climb speed : 91.7 [km/hr] at sea-level
cruising speed : 135 [km/hr] op 1000 [m] (power:71 [%])
design speed prop : 146 [km/hr]
maximum speed : 150 [km/hr] op 100 [m] (power:99 [%])
climbing speed at sea-level (without bombload) : 273 [m/min]
calculation : *9* (regarding various performances)
take-off distance at sea-level : 172 [m]
lift/drag ratio : 7.99 [ ]
max. practical ceiling : 5075 [m] with flying weight :584 [kg]
practical ceiling (operational weight): 4625 [m] with flying weight :632 [kg]
practical ceiling fully loaded (mtow- 1 hour fuel) : 4525 [m] with flying weight :641 [kg]
published ceiling (0 [m]
climb to 1500m (without bombload) : 6.19 [min]
climb to 3000m (without bombload) : 15.61 [min]
max. dive speed : 346.7 [km/hr] at 3525 [m] height
load factor at max. angle turn 2.02 ["g"]
turn radius at 500m: 54 [m]
time needed for 360* turn 11.2 [seconds] at 500m
calculation *10* (action radius & endurance)
operational endurance : 2.13 [hours] with 1 crew and 20 [kg] useful load and 93.8 [%] fuel
published endurance : 2.00 [hours] with 1 crew and possible useful (bomb) load : 24 [kg] and 88.1 [%] fuel
action radius : 144 [km] with 1 crew and 20[kg] photo camera/radio transmitter or bombload
max range theoretically with additional fuel tanks for total 137 [litre] fuel : 466 [km]
useful load with action-radius 250km : 0 [kg]
production (500 km) : 0 [tonkm/hour]
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Literature :
They fought for the sky , Reynolds page 93
Fokkers uit de eerste wereldoorlog
Warplanes WOI
Jane’s fighting aircraft WWI
DISCLAIMER Above calculations are based on published data, they must be
regarded as indication not as facts.
Calculated performance and weight may not correspond with actual weights
and performances and are assumptions for which no responsibility can be taken.
Calculations are as accurate as possible, they can be fine-tuned when more data
is available, you are welcome to give suggestions and additional information
so we can improve our program.
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